Here is a solution.
First, I create a custom theme so that the problem code is simpler. This is not really part of the question and it can be defined before the answer.

theme_so_q77804382 <- function(){ 
  theme_grey(base_size = 10) %+replace%
    theme(
      legend.position = "bottom", 
      axis.text = element_text(size = 11), 
      axis.title = element_text(size = 11, face = "bold"),
      strip.text.x = element_text(size = 12),
      strip.text.y = element_text(size = 12, angle = -90),
      plot.title = element_text(size = 14, face = "bold"),
      plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 13)
    )
}

The plot

该图是按名称计数的水平条形图，因此建议的方法不是将y轴定义为名称轴，而是像往常一样定义x轴中的自变量，然后用coord_flip反转.

现在问题来了.

• 第一，强制Active_period个因子;
• 然后，计算按Name、site和Time分组的百分比变化；
• 现在我们有了从基本级别study_year开始的更改，反转因子级别以获得所要求的曲线图.

然后把它标出来，用geom_text标出百分比.文本也必须分组，因为fill不是geom_text美学，所以使用group = Active_period.用hjust稍微调整一下，以便在变化为负数时可以看到负号.

suppressPackageStartupMessages({
  library(dplyr)
  library(ggplot2)
})

data$Active_period[data$Active_period == "Last_year"] <- "last_year"

data %>%
  mutate(Active_period = factor(Active_period,levels = c("study_year","last_year", "this_year"))) %>%
  group_by(Name, site, Time) %>%
  arrange(Active_period) %>%
  mutate(perc = scales::percent(c(0, diff(count))/dplyr::lag(count, default  = 1))) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  mutate(Active_period = forcats::fct_rev(Active_period)) %>%
  ggplot(aes(Name, count, fill = Active_period)) +
  geom_col(
    width = 0.8, 
    position = position_dodge2(width = 0.8, preserve = "single")
  ) +
  geom_text(
    position = position_dodge2(width = 0.8, preserve = "single"),
    aes(label = perc, group = Active_period),
    hjust = -0.2
  ) +
  scale_fill_manual(
    name = " ", 
    values = c(study_year ="#5d5c5c", this_year = "#4475aa", last_year = "#333239"),
    limits = c("study_year","last_year", "this_year")
  ) +
  coord_flip() +
  facet_grid(Time ~ site) +
  theme_so_q77804382()

^{创建于2024-01-12年第reprex v2.0.2页}