Python将列表中的元素与列表中的字符串匹配并创建具有多个值的字典

您的预期结果含糊不清.你称它为字典，但实际上它是一个无效字典的列表.您可以获得单键词典的列表，也可以获得每个样例名称一个键的实际词典.在这两种情况下，键的值都需要是列表或元组，才能包含多个文件名:

对于一本词典:(这是最有意义的)

result = { sn:[fn for gr in file_names for fn in gr if sn in fn] 
           for sn in sample_names}

print(result) # single dictionary

{'SampleA': ['/path/to/group1/bin_1/group_1_bin_1_SampleA.tsv', 
             '/path/to/group1/bin_2/group_1_bin_2_SampleA.tsv', 
             '/path/to/group1/bin_3/group_1_bin_3_SampleA.tsv'],
 'SampleB': ['/path/to/group1/bin_1/group_1_bin_1_SampleB.tsv', 
             '/path/to/group1/bin_2/group_1_bin_2_SampleB.tsv', 
             '/path/to/group1/bin_3/group_1_bin_3_SampleB.tsv'], 
 'SampleC': ['/path/to/group1/bin_1/group_1_bin_1_SampleC.tsv', 
             '/path/to/group1/bin_2/group_1_bin_2_SampleC.tsv', 
             '/path/to/group1/bin_3/group_1_bin_3_SampleC.tsv']}

有关单键词典的列表:

result = [ {sn:[fn for gr in file_names for fn in gr if sn in fn]} 
           for sn in sample_names ]

print(result) # list of single-key dictionaries

[{'SampleA': ['/path/to/group1/bin_1/group_1_bin_1_SampleA.tsv',
              '/path/to/group1/bin_2/group_1_bin_2_SampleA.tsv', 
              '/path/to/group1/bin_3/group_1_bin_3_SampleA.tsv']},
 {'SampleB': ['/path/to/group1/bin_1/group_1_bin_1_SampleB.tsv', 
              '/path/to/group1/bin_2/group_1_bin_2_SampleB.tsv',
              '/path/to/group1/bin_3/group_1_bin_3_SampleB.tsv']},
 {'SampleC': ['/path/to/group1/bin_1/group_1_bin_1_SampleC.tsv', 
              '/path/to/group1/bin_2/group_1_bin_2_SampleC.tsv', 
              '/path/to/group1/bin_3/group_1_bin_3_SampleC.tsv']}]

[EDIT] New answer based on revised question:个

您的自助回复帖子的工作方式与此相同(没有列表嵌套)，但是，如果您有大量的样本名和/或文件名，这可能会花费更多的时间.

您可以通过仅遍历文件列表一次并使用正则表达式标识示例名称键来提高性能:

import re
from collections import defaultdict

pattern = re.compile("|".join(sample_names))
result  = defaultdict(list)
for fn in file_names:
    for key in re.findall(pattern,fn):
        result[key].append(fn)
        
print(result)

{'SampleA': ['/path/to/group1/bin_1/group_1_bin_1_SampleA.tsv',
             '/path/to/group1/bin_2/group_1_bin_2_SampleA.tsv',
             '/path/to/group1/bin_3/group_1_bin_3_SampleA.tsv'],
 'SampleB': ['/path/to/group1/bin_1/group_1_bin_1_SampleB.tsv',
             '/path/to/group1/bin_2/group_1_bin_2_SampleB.tsv',
             '/path/to/group1/bin_3/group_1_bin_3_SampleB.tsv'],
 'SampleC': ['/path/to/group1/bin_1/group_1_bin_1_SampleC.tsv',
             '/path/to/group1/bin_2/group_1_bin_2_SampleC.tsv',
             '/path/to/group1/bin_3/group_1_bin_3_SampleC.tsv']}

Using regular expressions will give you better control on pattern matching (e.g. if you need the sample name to be last and followed by a specific extension)个