Database 如何理解mysql explain 命令

所以，我从来没有理解过MySQL的解释.我理解粗略的概念，即您应该在possible_keys列中至少有一个条目才能使用索引，而且简单的查询更好.但是ref和eq_ref有什么不同呢？优化查询的最佳方式是什么？

例如，这是我的最新查询，我正在试图弄清楚为什么要花很长时间(从django个型号生成):

+----+-------------+---------------------+--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------+--------------------------------------+------+---------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table               | type   | possible_keys                                             | key                             | key_len | ref                                  | rows | Extra                           |
+----+-------------+---------------------+--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------+--------------------------------------+------+---------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | T6                  | ref    | yourock_achiever_achievement_id,yourock_achiever_alias_id | yourock_achiever_alias_id       | 4       | const                                |  244 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | T5                  | eq_ref | PRIMARY                                                   | PRIMARY                         | 4       | paul.T6.achievement_id               |    1 | Using index                     |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | T4                  | ref    | yourock_achiever_achievement_id,yourock_achiever_alias_id | yourock_achiever_achievement_id | 4       | paul.T6.achievement_id               |  298 |                                 |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | yourock_alias       | eq_ref | PRIMARY                                                   | PRIMARY                         | 4       | paul.T4.alias_id                     |    1 | Using index                     |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | yourock_achiever    | ref    | yourock_achiever_achievement_id,yourock_achiever_alias_id | yourock_achiever_alias_id       | 4       | paul.T4.alias_id                     |  152 |                                 |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | yourock_achievement | eq_ref | PRIMARY                                                   | PRIMARY                         | 4       | paul.yourock_achiever.achievement_id |    1 |                                 |
+----+-------------+---------------------+--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------+--------------------------------------+------+---------------------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

我曾希望对MySQL有足够的了解，并解释说不需要查询.唉，您似乎无法从EXPLAIN语句中获得足够的信息，您需要原始SQL.查询:

SELECT  `yourock_achievement`.`id`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`modified`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`created`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`string_id`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`owner_id`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`name`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`description`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`owner_points`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`url`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`remote_image`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`image`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`parent_achievement_id`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`slug`,
        `yourock_achievement`.`true_points`
FROM    `yourock_achievement`
INNER JOIN
        `yourock_achiever`
ON       `yourock_achievement`.`id` = `yourock_achiever`.`achievement_id`
INNER JOIN
        `yourock_alias`
ON      `yourock_achiever`.`alias_id` = `yourock_alias`.`id`
INNER JOIN
        `yourock_achiever` T4
ON      `yourock_alias`.`id` = T4.`alias_id`
INNER JOIN
        `yourock_achievement` T5
ON      T4.`achievement_id` = T5.`id`
INNER JOIN
        `yourock_achiever` T6
ON      T5.`id` = T6.`achievement_id`
WHERE
        T6.`alias_id` = 6
ORDER BY
        `yourock_achievement`.`modified` DESC